★ controversy
controversy n. 英文解释：a serious argument about something that involves many people and continues for a long time 很多人参与的持久而激烈的论战
Euthanasia continues to be an issue of much controversy.
Reports in today’s newspapers have added fuel to the controversy.
The movie has sparked / provoked / stirred a controversy over homosexuality.
【同根词】
controversial adj. 引起争论的；有争议的
a controversial issue / topic
He is a highly controversial figure in the art world.
【近义词】
debate n. [C, U] 在公共集会上或议会里就某问题进行的、常以表决结束的）辩论
International Varsity Debate
dispute n. 争论；辩论；争端；纠纷
The children’ dispute ended in a fight.
be beyond dispute 不容置疑的
China’s claims of sovereignty over the Vladivostok are beyond dispute.
discord n. [U]不一致；不和；纷争
Money is the biggest cause of discord in marriage.
be in conflict with … 与…的冲突
Union leaders are still in conflict with management.
clash n. 冲突，不协调
a clash of swords
violent clashes between police and demonstrators
personality / culture clash
collision n. 碰撞；冲突；（意见，看法）的抵触；（政党等的）倾轧
The play represents the collision of three generations.
★ dust
Ashes to ashes and dust to dust.
For dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return.
gather / collect dust 尘封已久
My guitar has just been gathering dust since I injured my hand.
It will take some time for the political dust （纷争）to settle in that country.
The scientific dust（纷争） has long since settled.
绝望主妇：
After hearing your whole history with Mike, it doesn't take a genius to figure out what the problem is. What is it? You. You don't want to be happy. You're a drama junkie. When there is no drama, you create it. You sleep with your ex-husband, you cheat on a coma victim and now you're hiking up a mountain after a guy who has no idea you're coming. Who knows? Maybe this guy will take you back. But once the dust （纷争）settles, you'll kick up some more because you don't know how to Just Be Happy.
★ perspective
perspective on … 对于…的视角、看法
The book deals with a woman’s perspective on revolution.
from a historical / global / financial / Marxist perspective 从… 的角度
The problem needs to be looked at from a historical perspective.
【近义词】表达“视角，角度”：
angle / standpoint
Try looking at the problem from a different angle.
I think from a political standpoint it was a particularly bad idea.
★ familiarity
Ellen’s familiarity with music is astonishing.
Familiarity breeds contempt. —— Aesop
【同根词】
sb. be familiar with sth. 某人对某事很熟悉
sth. be familiar to sb. 某事对某人来说很熟悉
Many readers are familiar with the name Harry Potter.
The name Harry Potter is familiar to many readers.
【近义词】
acquaintance n. 熟人；相识；了解；知道
My acquaintance with Spanish literature is rather limited.
I’m afraid I have only a passing acquaintance with Baroque music.
be acquainted with sb. / sth. 对…认识、了解
I’m not acquainted with the lady.
She is well acquainted with classical literature.
★ culpable
culpable negligence
be culpable for … 应该对…负责
We are partly culpable for the state of events.
hold sb. culpable 谴责某人
He was held culpable for what had happened.
【同根词】
culpability n. 可责；有过失；有罪
After the accident, the company refused to accept culpability.
【近义词组】
be responsible for … 应该对…负责
He is responsible for the accident.
hold sb. responsible 谴责某人
He held me responsible whenever anything went wrong.
responsibility n. 责任，职责；义务
Terrorists have claimed responsibility for the bomb attack.
课文讲解
知识点（1）课文人物介绍
Galileo (1564-1642)
Italian physicist and astronomer, who initiated the scientific revolution that flowered in the work of the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton.
His main contributions were, in astronomy, the use of the telescope in observation and the discovery of sunspots, lunar mountains and valleys, the four largest satellites of Jupiter.
He discovered that the planets moved around the sun, which confirmed Copernicus’ theory and overthrew Ptolemaic system of astronomy.
In physics, he discovered the laws of falling bodies. In the history of culture, Galileo stands as a symbol of the battle against authority.
He died in 1642. At the same year, the great physicist Isaac Newton was born.
As it happened, he died on January 8, 1642, and 300 years later, that is January 8, 1942, another great theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking was born.
语法分析：
In his own lifetime（时间状语） Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition（后置定语） in something like its proper perspective（方式状语）.
知识点（1）
in / during one’s lifetime 在…的一生中
He achieved a lot in his short lifetime.
During her lifetime she had witnessed two world wars.
All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in the life of this Administration; nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.
【扩展】
sth. of a lifetime / one’s life 某人一生中最好的一件事
the chance / experience / vacation of a lifetime / one’s life
—Did you enjoy your vacation in Paris?
—It was the vacation of a lifetime / my life!
知识点（2）
课文同意表达替换：
Galileo was the centre of violent controversy
Galileo was a highly controversial figure.
知识点（3）时间状语
long since … 早已……，早就……
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy, but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective.
Spring flowers are long since gone. Summer's bloom hangs limp on every terrace—— Louise Seymour Jones
古诗汉译英欣赏：《黄鹤楼》崔颢
昔人已乘黃鶴去，
此地空餘黃鶴樓。
黃鶴一去不復返，
白雲千載空悠悠。
The Immortal has long since gone with his yellow crane,
Only the Yellow Crane Tower can now be seen.
No one has been sure if the bird would ever return,
Over thousands of years the white clouds remain.
I’ve long since forgotten any Latin I ever learned.
I've long since forgiven what she did.
The people who built the temple have long since vanished.
知识点（4）【词汇】
clash n. conflict; collision
知识点（5）【词汇】知识扩展：
the Inquisition / the Holy Office
a Roman Catholic organization in the past whose aim was to find and punish people who had unacceptable beliefs
知识点（6）Lesson04-02
something like … 大约、估摸着
They say creating a work of art is something like giving birth.
The house looks something like a medieval fortress.
Something like 50,000 homes are without power.
One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
【近义词组】
something between … and … 大约在两者之间
The look on Max’s face was something between puzzlement and anger.
His income is something between $30,000 and $35,000 a year.
知识点（7）课文背景介绍：冲突背景
Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, disputing the belief held by the Roman Catholic church that the earth was the center of the universe.
He refused to obey orders from Rome to cease discussions of his theories and was sentenced to life imprisonment. It was not until 1984 that a papal commission acknowledged that the church was wrong.
语法分析：
But, in contrast（插入语，相对而言）, it is（强调句） only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
知识点（1）
in / by contrast 相对而言
= in / by comparison
An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending.
知识点（2）【复习】强调时间
it is only in modern times that …
It is not until modern times that …
知识点（3）
a problem child 问题儿童
含义1：a child whose behavior is bad
含义2：a child whose behavior causes problems for other people
知识点（1）
the view of Galileo 对于Galileo 的看法
【辨析】
Galileo’s view Galileo 的看法
my view of the situation 我对局势的看法
知识点（2）【词汇】 【辨析】
delightfully 令人高兴地
delightedly 感到高兴地
The old view of Galileo was delightfully（令人高兴地） uncomplicated.
I delightedly（感到高兴地） accepted the gift.
语法分析：
He was, above all（插入语）, a man who experimented（who...定语从句1）: who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians（who...定语从句2）, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients（who...定语从句3）, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly（who...定语从句4）.
知识点（1）【词汇】
prejudice n. [U, C] an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is based on their race, religion, sex, etc. 偏见；成见
Pride and Prejudice
prejudice against 对于…的偏见
prejudice against women
be prejudice against 对于…的偏见
= be bias against …
【辨析】
bias in favor of / toward(s) … 对…偏心
be partiality to / toward(s)… 对…偏心
知识点（2）
put questions to … 向…提问
知识点（3）Lesson03-10、Lesson03-11 介词宾语
… who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients （介词短语做宾语）…
语法：副词和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语
There is a fine view from here（副词做宾语）.
I heard them calling me from below. （副词做宾语）
They have just returned from abroad（副词做宾语）.
I live near here（副词做宾语）.
there was a slight trembling sound from below（副词做宾语）
When I returned from abroad（副词做宾语） recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below（副词做宾语）, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
Before long（副词做宾语）, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now （副词做宾语）the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls（介词短语做宾语）.
The weather has been fine except in the north（介词短语做宾语）..
He studies in the evening instead of during the day（介词短语做宾语）..
More and more people live in towns and cities instead of in villages（介词短语做宾语）..
We didn’t meet until after the show r（介词短语做宾语）
The weather has been fine except in the north r（介词短语做宾语）.
I took my watch from under the pillow（介词短语做宾语）.
He picked up the gun from behind the counter（介词短语做宾语）.
知识点（4）课文人物介绍
Aristotle
Greek philosopher and scientist
He shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. He is also the tutor of Alexander the Great.
He is the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural science, politics, and poetics. And he profoundly influenced western thought.
Aristotle proposed a finite, spherical universe, with the earth as its center. He also held that heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones.
Giordano Bruno
语法分析：
He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky（后置定语）, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together（后置定语）.
知识点（1）课文人物介绍
Ptolemy
Ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer
He based his astronomy on the belief that all heavenly bodies revolve around the earth.
His astronomical theories and explanations dominated scientific thought until the 16th century when Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, advanced the theory the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic astronomy.
语法分析：
He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top（who...定语从句1）, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall（who...定语从句2）.
知识点（1）
inclined plane 倾斜面；单斜面；斜面板
知识点（2）
generalize sthA. into sthB. 把A归纳总结出B
知识点（3）课文地点介绍
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Started in 1173, the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy is an example of Romanesque architecture. It is actually the bell tower of the cathedral of Pisa.
Legend has it that Galileo once carried out experiments at the leaning tower which showed that the velocity of moving bodies of the same composition, but of different weights, do not attain the proportion of their weights as Aristotle decreed, but move with the same velocity.
语法分析：
But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period（方式状语1）, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution（方式状语2）（supported... 后置定语，修饰study）, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.
知识点（1）
be supported by … 被…所支撑、基于…支撑
= be based on …
…, based on a deeper sense of the period.
知识点（2）【词汇】
sense n. understanding / consciousness 认识
知识点（3）【词汇】
profoundly adv. deeply; extremely 深刻地、极大地
She was profoundly influenced by her mother.
知识点（4）【词汇】
modify v. 调整；稍作修改；使更适合
The mediator attempted to get both sides to modify their position.
语法分析：
Today（时间状语）, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings（让步状语从句）, among historians of science（方面状语，转折） a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. （圆周句，突出句末）
知识点（1）【词汇】
live 存在
Where do the knives live in your kitchen?
知识点（2）【词汇】
picture 心目中的形象
Can you form a picture of what I described to you?
Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.
知识点（1）
sympathy for
【复习】Lesson03-40、Lesson03-54
语法注意：“感情”相关的词汇后面的介词通常用for
desire for ... 对于…的欲望
appetite for ... 对……的欲望；胃口；关于……的食欲
lust for ... 对 … 有极强的欲望（尤指性欲）
longing for ... 渴望；仰望；对…的渴望
yearning for ... 渴望；
craving for ... 强烈的愿望；渴望；热望
hunger / thirst for ... 饿/渴
Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.
love / affection for … 对…的爱
zest / passion / enthusiasm for … 对…的热情
pity / compassion / sympathy for … 对…同情
知识点（2）【词汇】
opponent n. adversary; antagonist
语法分析：
His telescopic observations are justly（理所应当地） immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus（后置定语）.
知识点（1）【词汇】
just adj.公正的；正义的；正当的；合理的
a just reward / punishment
知识点（2）【词汇】
consequence n. 英文解释：The consequences of something are the results or effects of it. 结果;后果；影响
ecological consequences
知识点（3）【词汇】
potential / potentialities 强能
It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential / potentialities.
知识点（4）【词汇】
apparatus n. [U] 英文解释：the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task 仪器；器械；装置
laboratory apparatus
a piece of apparatus
语法分析：
But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw（宾语从句）（who...定语从句）, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers（主语） calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument（后置定语）（that… 宾语从句）（if... 条件状语从句）?
知识点（1）【词汇】
power n.倍数
a 200-power microscope
a 32-power telescope （伽利略当时使用望远镜的倍数）
知识点（2）
call for [idiom] 需要
This sort of work calls for a high level of concentration.
The quality is variable, so careful selection is called for.
Gre写作范文：
In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, unforeseen and kaleidoscopic challenges facing persons in most professions and academic fields call for a balance in which there are both imagination and knowledge.
【近义词组】表达“需要”：
need / require / demand
What are the qualities that are needed for the job?
A lot of patience is required to look after a disabled child.
This is a complex task and demands a high level of skill.
take 需要
it takes sth. to do sth. 做某事需要…
It takes stamina to be a long-distance runner.
It takes a lot of patience to look after a disabled child.
Anyone can be passionate, but it takes real lovers to be silly. —— Rose Franken
Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius and a lot of courage to move in the opposite direction. —— Albert Einstein
entail sth. / doing 需要、使…成为必须
entail sb. doing 需要某人做某事
The job entails a lot of hard work.
The journey entails changing trains twice.
I’ll never accept parole because that entails me accepting guilt.
necessitate sth. 需要
A prolonged drought necessitated the introduction of water rationing.
知识点（3）Lesson04-22
写作：修辞疑问句（rhetorical question ）；答在问中；不是陈述句，语气比陈述句更重；一般出现在文章或段落末尾；激起读者深思；避免陈述句的说教语气。
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
Who among us has not dreamed of that?
What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the grammatical rules into practice?
O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?‘Ode to the West Wind’ —— P. B. Shelley
They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? ——Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775 ‘Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death’
语法分析：
Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope（who...定语从句） more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties（后置定语） were scratches left by the grinder（后置定语）（that… 宾语从句）（who...定语从句，修饰those）?
知识点（1）【词汇】
allege （未提出证据）断言，指称，声称
He alleged that they had hired an assassin to dispose of him.
语法分析：
We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass（宾语从句）（who...定语从句，修饰those） if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before（方式状语从句，主谓省略）, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth（that… 宾语从句）（if... 条件状语从句）; and if a single curved glass would distort nature（让步状语从句）, how much more would a pair of them?
语法分析：as for centuries before（方式状语从句，主谓省略）补全
…, as curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; ……
知识点（1）Lesson04-18 、Lesson04-26 状语从句的省略
语法：状语从句的省略
课文补全：Lesson04-18 主语成分省略
On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as (they have done it out of curiosity or for sport) in riding the bow waves of a ship.
课文补全：Lesson04-26 主语成分省略
It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as traces of land animals survive(补全) by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as the whole animal is preserved(补全) in a refrigerator.
知识点（2）【词汇】
curve v. （使）沿曲线移动；呈曲线形
curved adj. 呈弯曲状的；弧形的
curved glass 曲面镜
convex lens 凸透镜
concave lens 凹透镜