★ manifest
manifest adj. clear; obvious
manifest vt. 使……显露出来
Musical talent usually manifests itself in childhood.
The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
【辨析】
explicit adj.（语言表达）清晰的，明确的；直言的；坦率的
explicit instructions
Possible side effects should be made explicit.
a sexually explicit （派生；暴露的、露骨的）movie
implicit adj.含蓄的；不直接言明的
an implicit criticism of government policy
★ morality
public morality
enhance people’s consciousness of public morality
【同根词】
moral adj. 道德的；道义的
morals n. 道德标准
the morals and customs of the Victorian period
【近义词】
ethics n. 职业道德
medical / commercial / journalistic ethics
【扩展】
values n. 价值观
traditional / conservative / liberal values
★ compound
compound adj. 复合的
a compound noun / adjective / sentence
compound interest 复利
simple interest 单利
compound n. 化合物；复合词
be compounded of / from… 由…组成
The DNA molecule is compounded of / from many smaller molecules.
★ indifferently
be indifferent to … 对…漠不关心
How can you be indifferent to the sufferings of the refugees?
【近义词组】表达“对…漠不关心、无动于衷”：
- be apathetic about …
- be unsympathetic to …
口语表达：“不在乎”：
- It makes no difference to me.
- I don’t mind / care.
- It’s all the same to me.
口语表达：“在乎”：
- It makes a lot of / a whole world’s difference to me.
- It matters to me.
- It means a lot to me.
- It weighs heavily with me.
★ whimsical
【同根词】
whimsy n.怪念头；古怪可笑的举动；吊儿郎当；随心所欲
one of her bizarre whimsies
whim n. 心血来潮；一时的兴致；突发的奇想
on a whim 心血来潮做某事
We bought the house on a whim.
at the whim of sb. 由于某人一时冲动
I always been afraid to go up in an airplane. Now I'm gonna jump out of one at the whim of a maniac!
★ shatter
shatter v. 英文解释： to break something suddenly into pieces 突然把某物打成粉碎
One of his knees was shattered by a bullet.
shatter one’s hopes / illusions / confidence 粉碎了某人的…
shatter the peace / silence 打破…
【近义词】
smash
smash-and-grab
smash a window / glass 打碎…
smash （粉碎）terrorism
smash （粉碎，比喻义）the Gang of Four
crush
crush the rebellion / uprising
课文讲解
知识点（1）
loom large 令人忧虑，令人惊恐（并似乎难以避免）
Human right issues will continue to loom large in China-U.S. relations.
The adverse effects of the Great Leap Forward and of the Cultural Revolution still loom large in the minds of Chinese policy makers.
知识点（2）Lesson04-02
写作题材：Question-Answer Pattern 问题回答模式，给出设问句，自问自答
question (why …)
answer (because …)
supportive sentences
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. …
语法分析：
Surely because progress of a particular kind（介词短语当后置定语） is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest.
知识点（1）Lesson03-34、Lesson 03-40、Lesson 03-41
语法：如果把表示类型的词放在前面，如sort、kind、type，后面的可数名词可以当不可数名词；如果把表示类型的词放在后面，可数名词放在前面时一般用复数
a new kind of machine
machines of a new kind
Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.
practical jokes of a particular type
a particular kind of progress（单数）
The more expensive kind of antique shop（单数） where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is（单数） usually a forbidding place.
Antique shops（复数） of the more expensive kind where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust are（复数） usually forbidding places.
【复习】Lesson03-12、Lesson 03-14、Lesson 03-42、Lesson 03-54
a sort of = a kind of … 1.一种、某种…；2.像…一样；有些像……的；……般的 ；
We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of（第2种含义） paradise where the sun always shines.
In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of（第2种含义） hero.
Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.
Since its discovery, it has become a sort of（第2种含义） potholers' Everest.
They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of （第2种含义）honey from them
An atom is a kind of（第2种含义） solar system.
知识点（2）
be becoming more and more / increasingly + adj. 变得越来越…
So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.
As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
语法分析：
Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality（让步状语从句）, it（对应mankind） has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.
知识点（1）
【近义词组】表达“经历”：
- undergo (underwent, undergone) 经历（强调主语本身在变化）
- experience
- go through
- know
- see
- witness
强调本身变化：
undergo surgery
Mankind has undergone no general improvement.
The bridge has undergone a series of modifications.
不强调本身变化：
experience difficulties
go through a crisis
He has seen / known so much misery.
The 1980s witnessed enormous growth in the economy.
知识点（2）
【近义词组】表达“取得进步”：
- make (an) improvement / improvements in …
- make progress in ...
- make an advance / advances in…
【修饰语】
great, enormous, considerable, extraordinary, substantial …
知识点（3）
man 后面代词对应 he
mankind / the human race 后面代词对应 it
Man has his problems.
Mankind / The human race has its problems.
It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
知识点（1）
increase v. grow / accumulate
知识点（2）
【近义词组】表达“与某人交流”：
- communicate sth. to sb.
- communicate with sb.
- convey sth. （强调用语言文字之外的方式）
His tone conveyed an unmistakable warning.
- commune with sb. （强调用通灵的方式）
commune with God
Lying in the woods, he felt he was communing with nature.
知识点（3）课文思想总结
Oral language precedes written language.
Without written language, the only way to preserve knowledge is to hand it down from one generation to another, and in the process some information would inevitably be missing or distorted.
语法分析：
With the invention of writing（介词短语做状语）, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored（原因状语从句）.
知识点（1）
with … of 注意of前后名词的语序
With the invention of writing
with the approach of Christmas
with the advance of science
with the outbreak of war
with the coming / arrival / advent of Easter
With the evidence began to accumulate, … X 错误表达，with介词
As the evidence began to accumulate, … √
知识点（2）
课文写法普通替换：
The invention of writing enabled mankind to make a great advance in the preservation of knowledge.
The invention of writing brought about a great advance in the preservation of knowledge.
结合上下文语境：故意用不同的结构，让句式更富于变化
Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech.
With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored.
Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: …
知识点（3）
课文表达“进步”的替换：
- undergo general improvement
- make extraordinary progress
- make a great advance
语法分析：
Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing. （which... 非限定性定语从句）
知识点（1）
in (its) turn 反过来；转而又……
Poverty led to social unrest, which in (its) turn aggravated poverty.
Theory is based on practice and in (its) turn serves practice.
vice versa 反之亦然
Boys can date girls, and vice versa.
知识点（2）
add to sth. 使某个事物增加
= increase sth.
The music added to our enjoyment.
Her colleague’s laughter added to her embarrassment.
The balloons added to the festive atmosphere.
知识点（3）
课文写作技巧分析：长短句结合，几个长句中间穿插一些短句，使文章粗略有质，赋予弹性，更加灵活。
语法分析：
All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science（插入语）, the tempo was suddenly raised. （until… 时间状语从句）
知识点（1）
【近义词组】表达“随着…的到来”：
with the coming / arrival / birth / advent / dawn / genesis of science
知识点（2）
the tempo: the tempo of the growth of knowledge
知识点（1）
写作：暗喻修辞，比喻知识的增长速度
知识点（1）
turn sth. to … account 把…加以利用
turn knowledge to practical account
He turned his negotiating skills to very good account in the meeting.
语法分析：
What is called 'modern civilization'（What...主语从句） is not（不是） the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but（而是） of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life（后置定语）.
语法分析：
The problem now facing humanity（后置定语） is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge（What… 表语从句）?
语法分析：
As is so often pointed out（As... 非限定性定语从句）, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil（which...定语从句）.
知识点（1）
As is so often pointed out, … 正如经常被指出的….
普通替换：
It is so often pointed out that knowledge is … （不如本文更突出主句）
As it is so often pointed out that knowledge is … X 错误表达
As (is) so often pointed out, knowledge is …
It is reported that President will pay an official visit to the United States.
As (is) reported, President will pay an official visit to the United States.
知识点（2）
two-edged / double-edged + weapon / sword 双刃剑
Fame can be a double-edged sword.
知识点（3）
good or evil （都是不可数名词）善恶
a battle between good and evil
知识点（4）
课文写法替换：
knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
knowledge benefits mankind and at the same time to poses a threat to it.
knowledge benefits mankind and at the same time constitutes a menace to it.
Gre写作范文：
As Sir Francis Bacon once pointed out, knowledge is power. Power can be used for good or evil; and since the genie that brings new knowledge is already out of the bottle, we must learn to direct the use of the resultant power rather than curse the genie or try to confine him.
语法分析：
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that(指代spectacle) of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies（后置定语） while（而）, close at hand, surgeons use it（指代science） to restore them?
知识点（1）
spectacle n. an impressive sight
The carnival parade was a magnificent spectacle.
【词根】
“spect” = look
inspect / inspector / inspection
expect / expectation
suspect / suspicion / suspicious
spectacle / spectacular
circumspect / circumspection
prospect
The road is tortuous, but the prospects are bright.
retrospect
In retrospect（回首往事）, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.
circumspect
知识点（2）
gunner 炮手
gunman 抢手
知识点（3）
写作1：修辞疑问句（rhetorical question ）；答在问中；不是陈述句，语气比陈述句更重；一般出现在文章或段落末尾；激起读者深思；避免陈述句的说教语气。
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
Who among us has not dreamed of that?
What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the grammatical rules into practice?
写作2：蒙太奇(montage)；画面拼接剪辑，增强对比效果
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
语法分析：
We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge（if... 条件状语从句）, with its ever-increasing power（插入语）, continues. （what… 宾语从句）
知识点（1）Lesson03-38 复合形容词
【近似词组】表达“不断地…”
ever-increasing 不断增加
The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.
… evidence that steadily accumulates
… the ever-accumulating evidence
the world that steadily changes
the ever-changing world
the knowledge that steadily grows
the ever-growing knowledge
the economy that steadily develops
the ever-developing economy
the market that steadily expands
the ever-expanding market
the reform that steadily deepens
the ever-deepening reform
the resources that steadily dwindle
the ever-dwindling resources