（第一段）
The
Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their
enlightened social policies.
知识点（1）
Scandinavian n. & adj.
英文解释：(native) of Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland)
知识点（2）Lesson48
much
常与过去分词构成的形容词连用，表示“广为……”“广受……”
（复合形容词）much表示“很多人参与的、广为…”
知识点（3）Lesson23
表达“世界各地”；
all over the world
throughout the world
around the world
in various parts of the world
the world over
知识点（4）Lesson49
enlightened 开明的
Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an
enlightened policy, in that she never allowed
her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was
extremely difficult to please.
Sweden
has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen
from high-handed or incompetent public officers.
知识点（1）
【辨析】
Sweden n. 瑞典
Swede n. 瑞典人
Swedish adj. 瑞典的，瑞典人的，瑞典语的；n.
瑞典语
Switzerland n. 瑞士
Swiss n. 瑞士人（单复同型）；adj.
瑞士的，瑞士人的，瑞士方言的
知识点（2）
protect … from … 保护某人某事…以防…
知识点（3）
high-handed adj. 英文解释：using
authority in an unreasonable way, without considering the opinions of
other people 专横的，颐指气使的
The
system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries
too.
知识点（1）
work v. 英文解释：to have a
particular effect or result 有某种效果
The strategy seems to be
working.
Criticizing your former employers works
against you in the interview.
Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket
contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was
suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a
medicine that had worked so well in one form of
illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by
the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to
Henry Taylor's house.
（第二段）
The
Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil
servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make
mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the
public.
语法分析:
The Swedes were the first to recognize （that…
宾语从句）that public officials
like（引导后置定语或看做引出同位语） civil servants, police
officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make
mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are
serving the public（原因状语).
知识点（1）
public official n.
公职人员（以官方的身份行事的人）
civil servant
= public servant n. 公务员（政府文职人员）
知识点（2）
health inspector n.
英文解释：someone who works for the government whose
job is to visit restaurants and make sure that they are clean and
obeying laws about preparing food 卫生检查员
知识点（3）
in the belief that …
= because sb. believe that …因为某人相信……
语法：“in the +
表示感觉的名词”在句中作原因状语
in the belief that …
= because sb. believe that … 因为某人相信……
in the thought that …
= because sb. think that … 因为某人认为……
in the discovery that …
= because sb. discover that … 因为某人发现了……
in the hope of doing / that …
= because sb. hope to do / that … 因为某人希望……
The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like
civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can
make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that
(=because they believe that) they are
serving the public.
They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for
years, in the belief that (=because they
believe that) they may one day need just those very
things.
Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in
battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that
(=because they think that) they have cheated of
the best things that life has to offer.
In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when
she got out at her own floor, both were forgotten in her sudden
discovery that (=because she suddenly discovered that)
her front door was open.
The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with
boathooks, in the hope of being
(=because they hope to be) able to
grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our
bank.
As
long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to
safeguard the interest of the individual.
知识点（1）复习
as long ago as …
= as early as … 早在……就……
知识点（2）
parliament n. 英文解释：group of
people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important
national affairs 国会，议会
Parliament n.
（P大写，特指英国国会）英文解释：the main law-making
institution in the UK, which consists of the House of Commons and the
House of Lords 英国国会（包括下议院和上议院）
parliamentary adj. 议会的，国会的
Congress n.
（特指美国国会）英文解释：the group of people elected
to make laws in the US, consisting of the Senate and the House of
Representatives 美国国会（包括参议院和众议院）
congressional adj. 美国国会的
知识点（3）Lesson21
introduce v. 开始推行，开始采用
知识点（4）Lesson50
scheme n. 1. 计划，方案；2. 阴谋诡计
知识点（5）
safeguard v. 英文解释：to protect
sth. from harm or damage 保护，保卫
safeguard sb. / sth. against sth.
保护某人某事以对抗…
【同根词】
safeguard n. 预防措施
safeguard against … 对于…的预防措施
A
parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a
person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances
against the State.
语法分析:
A parliamentary committee representing all political
parties（后置定语） appoints a person who is suitably qualified
to investigate private grievances against the
State（定语从句）.
知识点（1）
appoint v. 英文解释：to choose
someone for a position or a job 任命，委任
appoint sb. to sth. 把某人任命到…
appoint sb. to do sth. 任命某人做某事
appoint sb. (as) sth. 任命某人担任某事
知识点（2）
grievance n. 英文解释：a complaint
or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly
委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
inviting the members to air their
grievances
Management agreed to settle the workers'
grievances.
Bill still harbours（委屈、不满） /
nurses（委屈、不满） a
grievance against his employers
for not promoting him.
The
official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes
commonly refer to him as the 'J. O.' or 'Ombudsman'.
知识点（1）复习
表达“把A成为B”：
refer to A as B
call A B
address A as B
know A as B
常与副词 commonly, usually, generally, frequently,
often 等连用
The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the
Swedes commonly refer to him
as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'.
Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions
have been taken over by small powerful personal computers,
commonly known as PCs.
People who work in offices are frequently
referred to as 'white collar workers' for the
simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to
work.
The
Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure.
知识点（1）
be subject to sth. 英文解释：likely
to be affected by sth., especially sth. bad 可能或易于受到……的影响
He
investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels
of society.
语法分析:
He investigates complaints large and
small（后置定语） that come to him from all levels of
society（that ...定语从句）.
知识点（1）
语法：两个含义相反的形容词连用时，常位于被修饰名词之后。
He investigates complaints
large and small that come to him from
all levels of society.
A man with a noble heart never bows before
difficulties great or small.
We should be fair to all people,
big and small, young and
old.
知识点（2）
level n. 英文解释：relative
position in rank, class or authority 级别，阶层
As
complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of
1,200 letters a year.
知识点（1）Lesson37
表达“做投诉”:
make / bring / file / lodge /
submit / a complaint + about
sth.(投诉事) / against
sb.（投诉人）
I'd like to make a complaint about
the noise.
He brought a complaint against
his former manager.
I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we
arrived.
… if any further complaints were lodged
against him, he would be prosecuted.
知识点（2）
in writing 以书面形式
in speech 以口头形式
in … 以…形式
知识点（3）
an average of … 平均……
on average / on an average
平均……（做状语）
My income’s rather variable, but I earn $100 a day on
average.
As a reasonable guess, they might, on an
average, be 100 light years away.
He
has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single
letter in detail.
知识点（1）
every single 每一……（加强 every 的语气）
There
is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence
is open to public inspection.
知识点（1）句式总结
There is nothing secretive about …
没有什么可保密的
知识点（2）
correspondence n. [U] 英文解释：
the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or
business letters 信件
mail n. [U] 英文解释：the letters
and packages that are delivered to you 邮件
There isn't much mail today.
He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on
the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on
mail, not passengers.
知识点（3）
open adj. 英文解释：public, not
limited 公开的，开放的，没有限制的
be open to sb. / sth. 对…公开的
If
a citizen's complaint is justified the Ombudsman will act on his
behalf.
知识点（1）
justified adj. 英文解释：having an
acceptable explanation or reason 合理的
be / feel justified in doing sth.
做某事合理的
【同根词】
justify v. 英文解释：to show or
prove that sb./sth. is right or reasonable 表明或证明……是合理的
justification n. [U and C]
英文解释：a good and acceptable reason for doing sth.
正当的理由
justification for (doing) sth. 做某事的理由
知识点（2）
on behalf of sb. / on sb.'s behalf in behalf of
sb. / in sb.'s behalf
含义1：representing; instead of
代表，代替
Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to
accept this award on his behalf.
含义2：in the interest of sb.
为了某人的利益
The legal guardian must act on behalf of the
child.
They campaigned on behalf of asylum
seekers.
The
action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
语法分析:
The action he takes（定语从句） varies according to the nature
of the complaint（介词短语做状语）.
知识点（1）
take action 英文解释： do sth. in response to what
has happened 采取行动
Immediate action must be
taken to stop the fire spreading.
It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take
action, …
知识点（2）
vary according to / depending on …
根据…而变化（做状语）
Prices vary according to the type of room
you require.
The leaf's size varies widely
according to the area where it grows.
Costs are likely to vary depending on
where you live.
Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying
according to the size and nature of the object.
He
may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a
law be altered.
语法分析:
He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to
parliament（状语前置） that a law be（should
do型的虚拟语气） altered（宾语从句）.
知识点（1）Lesson31
reprimand / rebuke sb. for sth.
（上下级）因为某事批评某人
I was reprimanded / rebuked by my
manager for being late.
Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic
and reprimanded the assistant severely.
The
following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.
（第三段）
A
foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining
that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a
foreigner.
语法分析:
A foreigner living in a Swedish
village（非谓语动词做后置定语） wrote to the Ombudsman
complaining that（that… 宾语从句） he had been
ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a
foreigner（原因状语).（complaining…可以看做非谓语动词做后置定语修饰新的内容，也可看做伴随状语）
知识点（1）
write to sb. 向某人写信
= write a letter to sb.
知识点（2）
ill-treat v. 英文解释：to treat sb.
in a cruel or unkind way, abuse 虐待
非谓语动词做形容词
ill adv. badly
ill-treated animals
ill-bred
ill-advised
ill-mannered
【反义】
well-bred
well-advised
well-informed
well-intentioned
知识点（3）Lesson4、46
simply because …
= for the simple reason that …
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as 'white
collar workers' for the simple reason that they
usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to
work after I had reassembled it, for the simple reason
that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal
which did not seem to fit anywhere.
【总结】
simply because … 只不过因为……
partly because … 部分是因为……
mainly because … 主要是因为……
Many exam candidates lose marks simply
because they do not read the questions properly.
I decided to go with them, mainly
because I had nothing better to do.
Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was
partly because he was not particularly
intelligent.
The
Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district
asking him to send a record of the case.
语法分析:
The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the
district（地点状语） asking him to send a record of the
case（后置定语,修饰wrote to）.
知识点（1）
Chief of Police n. 英文解释：the
most senior police officer in a city who is in charge of all the police
there 警察局长
There
was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was
justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.
语法分析:
There was nothing in the
record（后置定语1,修饰nothing；或可以看做地点状语） to show
that（that… 宾语从句） the foreigner's complaint was
justified（后置定语2,修饰nothing） and the Chief of
Police strongly denied the accusation.
知识点（1）
deny an accusation / a charge
否认指控
【复习】
accuse sb. of sth. 指责、指控某人
charge sb. with sth. 指责、指控某人
It
was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a
similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he
immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
语法分析:
It（形式主语） was impossible for the Ombudsman to take
action（真正主语）, but when he received a similar
complaint from another foreigner in the same village（时间状语从句）, he
immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the
matter（目的状语）.
The
lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with
foreigners on several occasions.
知识点（1）
deal well / badly etc. by /
with sb. (fml.) 英文解释：treat sb.
well, badly etc. 对某人好、坏等
He has always dealt well by
me.
You've been badly dealt
with.
The police dealt roughly with
the rioters.
He deals fairly with all
people.
I consider he has been dealt with
leniently.
The
fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be
recorded in the official files.
语法分析:
The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against
foreigners（同位语从句） could not be recorded in the official
files.
It
was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of
his representatives to check the facts.
语法分析:
It（形式主语） was only possible for the Ombudsman to find
this out by sending one of his representatives to check the
facts（方式状语）. （真正主语）
The
policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if
any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be
prosecuted.
语法分析:
The policeman in question was severely reprimanded
and was informed （that… 宾语从句）that if any further
complaints were lodged against him（条件状语从句）, he would be
prosecuted.
知识点（1）
in question: being discussed
正在被讨论的，提到的，谈到的
知识点（2）
lodge a complaint against sb.
投诉某人
知识点（3）
prosecute vt. 检举，起诉，对……提起公诉
The
Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice
which might have gone unnoticed.
语法分析:
The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an
unpleasant practice which might have
gone（虚拟语气） unnoticed（定语从句）.
知识点（1）
put / bring an end to sth.
英文解释：stop sth. from happening any more; abolish sth.
终止……，废止……
知识点（2）Lesson45
go / pass unnoticed
不为人知的过去了（unnoticed主语补足语）
The event went unnoticed.
Her death passed unnoticed.
If they had only had one more child, the fact would have
passed unnoticed.
知识点（3）复习
语法：虚拟语气