（标题）
who’s who
who’s who 谁是谁（名字、职务等）
which is which 分清楚谁是谁
The twins are so alike that I can’t tell which is
which.
When Scarlet returned to the farm, the old maidservant began to
tell her who married whom, who had
what children and so on.
（第一段）
It
has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical
jokes more than anyone else.
语法分析：
It（形式主语） has never been explained why
university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than
anyone else（比较状语). （why...主语从句）
知识点（1）
写作：地道表达
表达“谁也无法解释”：
nobody can explain why … （中式英语）
it has never been explained why …
（地道表达，重点突出）
【扩展1】
表达“我无法理解”：
表达①：
I can’t understand / explain why …
（中式英语）
表达②：地道表达
why … is beyond me 我无法理解
Why people are prepared to tolerate a
four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the
country is beyond me.
造句：我无法理解Jane 为什么愿意 (be prepared to
do) 嫁给这样一个懒汉 (lazy-bones)。
Why Jane was prepared to marry such a
lazy-bones is beyond me.
表达③：地道表达
it has always been a mystery to me why …
我无法理解
It has always been a mystery to me why
city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that
they would prefer to live in the country.
造句：我一直搞不懂 John 为什么偏要假装
(obstinately pretend) 喜欢古典乐 (classical music)。
It has always been a mystery to me why
John obstinately pretends that he would prefer classical music.
听力真题：
A．She's not sure how she was able to finish so early.
B．She wasn't able to manage the project well.
C．She's not sure how to solve the mystery.
D．She still hasn't heard what was shocking.
M: I was shocked when I heard you'd finished your research
project a whole month early.
W: How I managed to do it is still a mystery to
me.
Q: What does the woman mean?
Answer: (A) She's not sure how she was able to finish so
early.
【扩展2】
表达“人们对某事有争议”：
表达①：
People still have different opinions about whether …
（中式英语）
表达②：
whether … is a moot point at present
Whether the whole universe does so
is a moot point at present.
造句：人们对是否建造更多公路会减少交通堵塞 (traffic congestion)
尚有争议。
Whether building more roads reduces
traffic congestion is a moot point at
present.
知识点（2） 【课文仿写】
Students
specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.
知识点（1）
specialize in … 专门研究……
specialized adj. 专业的……
specialized knowledge 专业知识
specialized labour / labor
专业工人
So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we
are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized
labour.
知识点（2）
语法：如果把表示类型的词放在前面，如sort、kind、type，后面的可数名词可以当不可数名词；如果把表示类型的词放在后面，可数名词放在前面时一般用复数
a particular type of practical
joke
practical jokes of a particular
type
The more expensive kind of antique
shop（单数） where rare objects are beautifully
displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust
is（单数） usually a forbidding place.
Antique shops（复数） of the more
expensive kind where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass
cases to keep them free from dust are（复数）
usually forbidding places.
Inviting
the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of
deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.
语法分析：
Inviting the fire brigade to put out a non-existent
fire（动名词做主语） is a crude form of deception（名词表语）
which no self-respecting student would ever indulge
in（which...定语从句）.
知识点（1）
put out = extinguish
熄灭、扑灭（不强调方式）
smother 压灭（强调方式）
quench 用水浇灭（强调方式）
blow out 吹灭（强调方式）
知识点（2）
crude 冒犯的，粗俗的，粗鲁的
知识点（3）
form n. a type of sth. form of …
类型、种类
知识点（4）
no = not any（后面一般跟单数）没有任何一个
self-respecting （一般用在否定句中）有自尊心的
no self-respecting … would do sth.
没有自尊心的…会做…
知识点（5）【课文仿写】
Students
often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the
victims.
课文替换：
（第二段）
When
a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his
university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that
two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a
pneumatic drill.
语法分析：
When a student recently saw two workmen using a
pneumatic drill outside his university（分词短语；固定搭配，see sb.
doing sth） （When... 时间状语）, he immediately
telephoned the police and informed them
that two students dressed up as
workmen（非谓语动词、分词做后置定语）were tearing up the road
with a pneumatic drill. （that… 宾语从句）
知识点（1）
telephone the police 打电话报警
He told him he had better return it or he would call the
police.
At first, she decided to go to the police, but
…
课后题：
Mrs. Ramsay was not to inform the police
（通知警方，不强调方式）and had to pay ₤1,000.
知识点（2） 复习
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
inform sb. that ...
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
convince sb. that ...
remind sb. of sth. 使某人回忆起某事
remind sb. that ...
warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
warn sb. that ...
assure sb. of sth. 让某人对某事放心
assure sb. that ...
知识点（3） Lesson13
dress (sb.) up as ... 打扮成
She intended to dress up as a ghost
...
He added that a student had dressed up as a
policeman …
They dressed him up as a
gorilla.
disguise sb. as ... 把某人装扮成…
(a) He told his wife he worked for the Corporation, when in fact he
did not.
(b) He disguised himself as a dustman.
(c) He led a double life.
(d) He earned twice as much as he used to.
disguised as ...（非谓语）装扮成了…模样
Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps
disguised as a minstrel.
课文写法替换：
... two students disguised as workmen
were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.
知识点（4）
tear up sth. 1.开凿路面；2.撕碎
tear 撕扯
tear sth. in half / two
把某事一撕两半
tear sth. to pieces 把某事撕成碎片
tear sth. away 把某事撕掉
As
soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that
if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him
seriously.
语法分析：
As soon as he had hung up（时间状语从句）, he went over to the
workmen and told them that if a
policeman ordered them to go away（条件状语从句）, they were
not to take him seriously. （that… 宾语从句）
知识点（1）复习、总结
【相关词组】引导时间状语，表达“刚一…就…”：
as soon as ...
immediately / directly
... （充当连词）
the moment ... （充当连词）
on / upon ...
no sooner ... than ... no sooner（副词短语，先发生）
... than（连词，后发生） ...
hardly / barely / scarcely ...
when / before ... hardly / barely /
scarcely否定词放在句首要部分倒装
课文写法替换：
Immediately /
Directly he had hung up, ...
The moment he had hung up,
... On / Upon
hanging up, ...
He had no sooner hung up
than he went over to ...
No sooner
had he hung up than he went over to
...
He had hardly hung up
when he went over to ...
Hardly
had he hung up
when he went over to ...
知识点（2） Lesson33
hang up 挂电话
put the phone down 挂电话
slam the phone down 生气的挂电话
get cut off 断线了
A．Eating in a cafeteria.
B．Buying something in a store.
C．Talking on the telephone.
D．Getting money at a bank.
M: Did you get cut off?
W: No, they asked me to hang up and try
again later.
Q: What has the woman been doing?
Answer: (C) Talking on the telephone.
知识点（3）
he went over to …
over 表示个跨度，从那边到这边
A．She wants to check the weather before deciding.
B．She has a problem with her hearing.
C．She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
D．She wants the man to help her with some work.
M: Can you come over for dinner
tonight?
W: I’m up to my ears in work, so I’ll have to take a rain
check.
Q: What does the woman mean?
Answer: (C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
走遍美国:：
Hello. This is Richard Stewart. My wife, Marilyn Stewart, is a
member of your program. I’d like to come to the ten o’clock advanced
class this morning.
Oh, fine, fine. Be here a few minutes early. You need to
complete some forms before the class.
Thanks. I’m on my way over.
Good-bye.
Bye-bye.
知识点（4）
…they were not to take（应该） him
seriously.
语法：be to do (fml.) 的四种用法
用法①： 打算
用法②：命令
用法③：能够
用法④：应该
Such men are to be pitied rather than
despised.
Some books are to be tasted, others
to be swallowed, and some few to
be chewed and digested. — Francis Bacon
He
added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all
sorts of silly jokes on people.
语法分析：
He added that a student had dressed up as a
policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.
（that… 宾语从句）
知识点（1） 复习、总结
add v. 补充说
threaten 威胁说
point out 提醒说
claim 声称说
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the
Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people
who claimed to have seen the puma were
extraordinarily similar.
confirm 证实说
complain 抱怨说
put it 措辞说
state 声明说
explain 解释说
mumble 自言自语说
nag 唠叨说
知识点（2） 复习
play a joke / trick on sb.
开某人玩笑
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke
on his colleague to find out if, after so many
performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by
heart.
知识点（3）
all sorts / kinds / types of
sth. 各种各样的
Both
the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece
of advance information.
知识点（1）Lesson15
be thankful / grateful / obliged /
indebted to sb. for sth. 因为某事感谢某人
I’m thankful to you for your
help.
I’m much grateful to you
for your advice.
I’m deeply obliged to you
for your encouragement.
I’m most indebted to you
for this piece of advance information.
【相关词组】
I appreciate your help / it.
I owe you (one).
（第三段）
The
student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear
everything that went on.
语法分析：
The student hid in an archway nearby where he could
watch and hear everything that went
on（that...定语从句）.
（where...定语从句）
知识点（1）复习
archway
拱道；拱门
arcade
17-Arch
Bridge
Arch of
Triumph
知识点（2）
… an archway nearby …
（nearby副词）
a nearby archway （nearby
形容词）
a near archway ☓（near不能做“距离”前置定语）
The archway is very near.
（near做表语）
in the near future
（near做前置定语，形容“时间”上的近）
a near relative
（near做前置定语，形容“关系”上的近）
知识点（3） 复习
语法：定语从句充当并列句
The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more
privacy.
造句：我的暑假是在乡下度过的，在那儿我可以更不受打扰地生活。
I spent my summer vacation in the country
where I had more privacy.
Sure
enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen
to go away.
知识点（1） 复习
sure enough 果然
知识点（2）
on the scene / spot 在现场，到现场
Meanwhile, two other actors, Rockwall Slinger and Merlin Greeves,
had carried two large food baskets to a shady
spot under some trees.
on the spot 当场……, 立即……
When
he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to
remove them by force.
知识点（1） 复习
receive + n. 受到了……; 得到了……; 遭到了……
These young people, who love the peace of mountains, always
receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard's
monastery.
No creature has received more praise and
abuse than the common garden snail.
This exhibition received a great deal of
attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be
the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by
Dickie.
The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients
departments of our hospitals feel that they have not
received adequate treatment unless they are able
to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of
medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, …
receive support 得到支持
receive good education
收到好的教育
receive a heavy blow 遭到重击
receive a serious injury
受到严重伤害
知识点（2）
threaten to do 1. 威胁说……；2.有……的危险
The
workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for
help.
语法分析：
The workmen told him to do as he pleased（方式状语）（
and the policeman telephoned for help.
知识点（1）
please v.高兴, 乐意
Shortly
afterwards, 4 more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the
workmen.
shortly afterwards 不久之后
remonstrate 规劝
As
the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the
pneumatic drill.
The
workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper.
lose one’s temper 发火了
【反义】
keep one’s temper 忍住不发脾气
He threatened to call the
police.
At
this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be
necessary as the men were already under arrest.
语法分析：
At this（介词短语做状语）, the police pointed out
ironically（副词做状语） that this would hardly
be necessary as the men were already under
arrest（原因状语从句). （that… 宾语从句）
知识点（1）
语法：在英语中，this 和
that 均可前指，但一般只有
this 可以后指。
He threatened to call the police. At
this（前指）, the police pointed out ironically
that …
Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either,
the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get
my glasses.' With this（前指）, he hurried
off the stage.
To be, or not to be: that（前指）
is the question. — Shakespeare
Good friends, good books and a sleepy conscience:
this （前指）is the ideal life. — Mark
Twain
Of all men's miseries the bitterest is
this（后指）: to know so much and to have
control over nothing. — Herodotus
知识点（2）
point out 指出，提醒说
知识点（3）
be under arrest 被捕
be under + n. 处于某状态
The car is under repair.
在修理之中
The castle is under attack.
在遭受攻击之中
The subject is under discussion.
在讨论之中
The matter is under consideration.
在考虑之中
The patient is under observation.
在观察之中
The case is under investigation.
在调查之中
The bridge is under construction.
在建造之中
The building is under renovation.
在整修之中
Pretending
to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a
telephone call before being taken to the station.
语法分析：
Pretending to speak seriously（非谓语动词作状语), one of the
workmen asked if he might make a telephone call
before（介词） being taken to the station.
（if… 宾语从句）
知识点（1） Lesson4
Permission
was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone.
知识点（1）
give / grant (sb.) permission
给某人许可
refuse / deny (sb.) permission
拒绝请求
The police granted him permission and a policeman …
（不地道，不简洁）
造句：他问老师他是否能打个电话。老师不允许他这么做，于是他只好等到下课。
He asked the teacher if he might make a telephone call.
Permission was denied and he had to wait until
the class was over.
知识点（2）
pay phone / pay station 公共电话
Only
when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he
realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
语法分析：
Only when he saw that the man was actually
telephoning the police （when...时间状语从句）
did (only+状语位于句首，后面句子要部分倒装) he realize
that they had all been the victims of a hoax. （that…
宾语从句）
知识点（1）Lesson5
only +状语
翻译为“只有、仅有”；如果是时间状语翻译为“直到”
语法：复习“only +
状语”位于句首，用部分倒装
Only（直到） then did he realize
that he was mistaken.
Only（只有） by working hard can
we succeed in doing anything.
Only（直到） after a baby seal is pushed into
the sea by its mother will it learn how to swim.
Only（直到） when he saw that the man was
actually telephoning the police did he realize that they
had all been the victims of a hoax.