（第一段）
Whether
we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been
brought up.
语法分析：
Whether we find a joke funny or not（主句从句） largely depends on
where（做介词on的宾语从句） we have been brought up.
知识点（1）
语法：whether和if 从句
表示“是否”时不能用 if 的几种情况：
1、主语从句位于句首时，不能用 if
If she likes the present is not clear to
me. X错误
It is not clear to me if /
whether she likes the present. √
（改正，放在句中）
Whether she likes the present is
not clear to me. √ （改正，句首改成whether）
2、引导表语从句时，不能用 if
3、引导同位语从句时，不能用 if
4、作介词宾语时，不能用 if
5、引导动词不定式时，不能用 if
6、直接跟 or not 时，不能用 if
Please tell me if or not
you agree. X错误
Please tell me whether or
not you agree. √改正
Please tell me if you agree or
not. √改正
知识点（2）
largely: chiefly / to a great extent
很大程度上
知识点（3）
表达“依赖、依靠、取决于”：
depend on ...
rest on ...
rely on...
ride on ...
hinge on ...
lean on ...
be dependent on ...
be based on ...
be built on ...
be founded on ...
be decided by ...
be dictated by ...
be determined by ...
Whether you find a joke funny or not largely rests
/ relies / rides / hinges / leans
on where we have been brought up.
Whether you find a joke funny or not is
largely dependent / based / built /
founded on where we have been brought up.
Whether you find a joke funny or not is largely
decided / dictated / determined by
where we have been brought up.
知识点（4）
bring up sb. 拉扯大
raise sb. 抚养
foster / adopt sb. 领养某人
adopted son 养子
adoptive parents 养父母
foster-parents 养父母
区分：
be brought up to do 从小就…（用于一般线城市）
The
sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national
characteristics.
知识点（1）
the sense of humour 幽默感
the sense of pride 自豪感
the sense of honor 荣誉感
the sense of accomplishment 成就感
the sense of responsibility 责任感
the sense of superiority 优越感
the sense of inferiority 自卑感
知识点（2）
be bound up with ... 与…紧密相连
be closely connected with ... 与…紧密相连
bind 绑
be bound to do ... 必然会…、肯定会…
be / feel bound to do ...
觉得必须做某事
be / feel obliged to do ...
觉得必须做某事
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the
Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the
descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were
extraordinarily similar.
bind sb. to do 约束某人必须做某事
A
Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian
joke.
语法分析：
A Frenchman, for instance（插入语）, might find
it（形式宾语） hard（宾语补足语） to laugh at a Russian
joke（真正宾语）.
知识点（1）
a Frenchman
泛指法国人，谓语动词用单数
the French
泛指法国人，谓语动词用复数
an Englishman
the English / British
(a) The French
(b) A French
(c) A man in France
(d) If you were French
知识点（2）
No matter where you live, you would find it（形式宾语）
difficult（宾语补足语） not to（真正宾语）. laugh at,
say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.
In
the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke
which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.
语法分析：
In the same way（介词短语当状语）, a Russian might fail to see
anything
amusing（形容词后置,修饰amusing）in（介词短语当状语）
a joke which（定语从句） would make
an Englishman laugh to tears.
知识点（1）
表达“同样的”：
In the same way
likewise
similarly
by the same token
知识点（2）
laugh to tears 笑出眼泪
be bored to tears / death
无聊的要哭/要死
laugh one’s head off 大笑（夸张）
clap one’s hands off 鼓掌（夸张）
cry one’s eyes out 哭（夸张）
知识点（3）
写作：contrast 对比修辞 （课文第3句和第4局）
A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another
woman makes a fool of him in twenty minutes.
Men always want to be a woman’s first love; women have a more
subtle instinct: what they like is to be a man’s last romance.
（第二段）
Most funny
stories are based on comic situations.
In
spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal
appeal.
知识点（1）
universal:
【同义替换】international, global,
world-wide
appeal: 【同义替换】attraction,
charm, fascination
universal appeal :
【同义替换】an international attraction、a
global charm、a world-wide fascination
知识点（2）
appeal to sb. 吸引某人
attract / charm / fascinate sb.
吸引某人
形容词形式：
appealing
attractive
charming
fascinating
No
matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say,
Charlie Chaplin's early films.
语法分析：
No matter where you live（让步状语从句）, you would find
it（形式宾语） difficult（宾语补足语） not
to（真正宾语，一直到句末） laugh at, say（插入语“比如说”）,
Charlie Chaplin's early films.
知识点（1）
No matter where you live = Wherever you
live, ......
语法复习：（参见第8课：疑问词 + ever
的含义）
区分：
疑问词 + ever 的含义可引导名词性从句；
no matter只能引导让步状语从句
Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome. √
No matter who wants to sign up for the course is welcome.
X错误
No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome.
√改正
Whatever project he works on is always
successful.
No matter what project he works on,
it is always successful.
知识点（2）
(let’s) say 比如说（一般用于插入语）
Why don’t we have a break until, (let’s)
say, 10:45?
Say / Let's say （充当连词，后面that可省略）(that)
the journey takes three hours, you'll arrive at 2 o'clock.
However,
a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U. S. , has recently
come into fashion.
知识点（1）
表达“起源于”：
stem from …
originate in …
have its root in …
printing stems from China.
printing originates in China.
printing has its root in China.
arise from ...
(倒霉的事)源自于…（摩擦、冲突、纠纷…）
come / hail from ... 来自于…
知识点（2）
come into fashion 流行起来
be in fashion 正在流行
be out of fashion 过时
fashionable （adj. 流行的） clothes /
ideas / hairstyles …
知识点（3）
come into 进入…状态
come into fashion 开始流行
come into use 开始使用
come into effect 开始生效
come into blossom 开始开花
come into being 开始存在
It is called 'sick humour'.
Comedians
base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious
accidents.
知识点（1）
课文写法替换：
知识点（2）
like = 【书】such as
Many
people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of
'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself.
知识点（1）
课文写法替换：
Many people find this sort of joke unpleasant /
disgusting / repellent / revolting /
repulsive. （形容词替换）
Many people dislike / hate / despise
/ abhor / detest / loathe /
abominate this sort of joke. （动词替换）
This sort of joke repels / revolts /
repulses / disgusts / sickens many people.
（主语替换）
知识点（2）
表达“下面的例子”：
the following example
the ensuing example
the under-mentioned example
the example below
表达“上面的例子”：
the previous example
the preceding example
the above-mentioned example
the example above
知识点（3）
enable sb. to do 使某人能够…
allow / permit sb. to do
（人做主语）允许某人做…/（事物做主语）使某人能够…
make it possible for sb. to do 是某人能够…
Radio and television have made it possible for
advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people
in this way.
课文写法替换：
... will allow / permit you to
judge for yourself.
... will make it possible for you to judge for
yourself.
知识点（4）
do sth for oneself 亲自做某事
（第三段）
A
man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks
before Christmas.
语法分析：
A man who had broken his right leg（定语从句） was taken to
hospital a few weeks before Christmas（时间状语）.
知识点（1）
知识点（2）
表达“去医院”：强调功能不能加冠词
take sb. to hospital
send sb. to hospital
go to hospital
表达“去住院”：
be in hospital
be hospitalized
表达“出院”：
leave hospital
知识点（2）
医院相关：
the outpatient department (OPD) 门诊
the inpatient department (IPD) 住院部
casualty 【英】急诊室
emergency room (ER) 【美】急诊室
From
the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him
when he would be able to go home.
语法分析：
From the moment he arrived
there（定语从句,修饰moment）（时间状语）, he kept on pestering his
doctor to tell him when he would be able to go
home（tell的宾语从句）.
（to后，目的状语）
知识点（1）
表达“自从”：
from没有时态限制
From the moment (when) he arrived there …
（省略when，定语从句）
From the moment (at which) he arrived there
…（省略at which，关系副词）
From the moment (that) he arrived there
…（省略that，关系副词）
From the moment (/) he arrived there …
（空，省略when）
since 要用完成时
Since the moment he arrived there, he had
kept on pestering ...
知识点（2）
keep (on) doing 不停的做某事…
Why do you keep (on) making the same
mistakes?
How can I explain if you keep (on)
interrupting me?
In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept
telling everybody how much he hated hospitals.
He dreaded
having to spend Christmas in hospital.
知识点（1）
dread + n. / doing 害怕某事（发生）
dread to do 一做某事就害怕
Though
the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow.
表达“竭尽全力做某事”：
do / try one’s best to do
do / try one’s utmost to do
do everything / all one can to do
(a) worked very well
(b) could not have been better
(c) was extremely skilled
(d) did all he could 竭尽全力
give one’s all to do 竭尽全力
spare no effort to do 不遗余力
go all out to do 竭尽全力
go to great lengths to do 竭尽全力做某事
On
Christmas day, the man still had his right leg in plaster.
知识点（1）
at Christmas 介词“at”表示期间
on Christmas Day 介词“on”表示当天
on Easter Day
on weekends 周末 【美】
at weekends 周末 【英】
知识点（2）
He
spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was
missing.
语法分析：
He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was
missing（定语从句，修饰missing）. （伴随状语）
The
following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his
chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year
celebrations were good.
语法分析：
The following day（时间状语）, however（插入语）, the
doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of
being able to leave hospital in time for new year
celebrations（介词短语，修饰chances）
were good.
（that后到结尾，宾语从句）（by后到结尾，方式状语）
知识点（1）
chance 可能性
The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling
him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in
time for new year celebrations were
good（可能性大）.
As she is not rich, the chances that she will
ever be able to afford such purchases are
remote（可能性小）; but she is never sufficiently
strong-minded to be able to stop the practice.
one’s chances of doing … are good/high
某人做某事的可能性大
one’s chances of doing … are
small/slight/remote
某人做某事的可能性小
the chances that … are good/high
the chances that … are
small/slight/remote
The
man took heart and sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble
along to a party.
知识点（1）
take heart = be encouraged
收到鼓舞
lose heart 灰心丧气
辨析：lose one’s heart to ... 爱上某人
sure enough 果然
as expected 果然
知识点（2）
eve 重要日期的前一夜
知识点（3）
along 课文中不是介词，表示向前
To
compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a
little more than was good for him.
语法：than后直接加谓语动词
than was good for him
... than （what） was good for him.
It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the
seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been
supposed.
考试真题：
The project requires more labor than ___A___ because it is
extremely difficult.
A．has been put in
B．have been put in
C．being put in
D．to be put in
A．as
B．than
C．that
D．but
A．have been put in
B．being put in
C．has been put in
D．to be put in
A．is necessary
B．being necessary
C．to be necessary
D．it is necessary
In
the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody
how much he hated hospitals.
语法分析：
In the process（时间状语）, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and
kept telling everybody how much he hated
hospitals（宾语从句）.
知识点（1）
..., he had a good / great time ... 过的很开心
知识点（2）
He
was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party
when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
语法分析：
He was still mumbling something about
hospitals（后置定语,修饰something） at the end of the party
when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left
leg（时间状语）.
知识点（1）
语法：主句 (进行时 / be about to do) +
when ... “when”应译为“这时”或“突然；
（罕见句型：句子的重点信息在when引导的从句里）
He was still mumbling something about
hospitals at the end of the party when he
slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a
heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my
garden when I noticed a huge number of snails
taking a stroll on some of my prize plants.
The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to
Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy
submarine.
The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to
leave when he noticed a large
packing case lying on the floor.
知识点（2）
slip 滑
slip on a piece of ice 在冰上滑倒
trip over a stone 在石头上绊倒
a slip of the pen 小失误
a slip of the tongue 口误
