（第一段）
It
has been said that everyone lives by selling something.
知识点（1）
“据说”固定句型：用完成时，强调对现在有影响
表达“据说”:
It is said that …
They say that …
People say that …
其他相似表达：
It is reported that … 据报道…
It is believed that … 拒信…
It is estimated that … 据估计…
It must be admitted that … 必须要承认的是…
It must be pointed out that … 必须要指出…
It must be stressed that … 必须要强调的是…
It can be foreseen that … 可以被预见到的是…
知识点（2）
live by doing 靠某种职业为生
live on sth. 靠某种食物或生活来源为生（指人）
feed on sth. 动物以……为主食
prey on sth. 肉食性动物以别的动物为食
In
the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge,
philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual
comfort.
语法分析：
In the light of this statement（介词短语做状语）, teachers live by
selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and
priests by selling spiritual comfort. （三个并列句）
知识点（1）
in (the) light of sth. 根据……；鉴于……
四级阅读真题：
Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the
reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text
and gets answers. In the light of these he puts
further questions, and so on.
考研真题：英译汉
He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly,
first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions,
finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the
light of the factual and moral information which he has
obtained.
六级真题：单选
I am afraid that you have to alter your ___C___ views in light of
the tragic news that has just arrived.
(A) indifferent (B) distressing (C) optimistic (D) pessimistic
表达“根据……”相关短语：
in (the) light of sth. 根据……；鉴于……
according to sth.
in accordance with sth.
considering sth.
taking into account sth.
知识点（2）
语法：并列句中重复的谓语动词可省略，如果后面是介词一般习惯留下介词
In the light of this statement, teachers live
by selling knowledge, philosophers (live)
by selling wisdom and priests
(live) by selling spiritual comfort.
Mary was happy, but / and / while /
whereas Jane (was) miserable.
Mary was happy when Jane
was miserable. 从句不能省略
知识点（3）
课文文法：parallelism
排比，把结构相同或类似的词汇、短语和句子并列放在一块，增强语言的气势。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few
to be chewed and digested. — Francis Bacon
Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an
exact man. ———Francis Bacon
考研阅读真题： 并列句的省略
It is said that in England death is
pressing, in Canada (death is) inevitable and in
California (death is) optional. Small wonder.
Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.
Failing hips can be replaced, clinical
depression (can be) controlled, cataracts
(can be) removed in a 30-minutes surgical
procedure.
Though
it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of
money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the
services which people perform for us.
语法分析：
Though（引导让步状语从句） it（形式主语） may be possible
to（真正主语） measure the value of material goods in terms of
money（方式状语）,（主句） it（形式主语） is
extremely difficult to（真正主语） estimate the true value of the
services which（宾语从句） people perform for
us.
知识点（1）
语法复习：强调句
Possible as it may be to measure
the value of material goods in terms of money, …
Although she is beautiful, I still don’t like her.
Beautiful as she is, I still
don’t like her.
知识点（2）
in terms of ... 以某种方式；从某个角度
In terms of money we’re rich, but not in terms
of happiness.
四级真题：单选
Which sport has the most expenses ___B___ training equipment,
players’ personal equipment and uniforms?
(A) in place of (B) in terms of (C) by means of (D)
by way of
知识点（3）
perform: do; carry out 做；执行
There
are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our
lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us
precisely this service.
语法分析：
There are times（主句）
when（定语从句，修饰times） we would willingly give everything we
possess （定语从句，修饰everything）to save (不定式) our
lives, yet（连词，引出并列句） we might grudge
paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely
this service（目的状语）.
知识点（1）
there are times when ... =
sometimes 有时候
there was a time when … = once
曾经、有一段时期，（按时现在已经不这样了）
there are rare instances when …=
occasionally 偶尔的，在个别情况下
There are rare instances when justice
almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
造句：在个别情况下，爱国主义(patriotism)不再是一个空洞的口号(an
empty slogan)
There are rare instances when patriotism
ceases to be an empty slogan.
知识点（2）
grudge
知识点（3）
for 等价交换
for nothing 免费
Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get
something for nothing.
造句：有时候我们愿意给为我们服务的侍者小费 (pay
tips) 并称赞 (pay compliments) 他们，
但是在母亲为我们提供一样的服务的时候我们却吝惜感谢 (give thanks to …)
之辞。
There are times when we would willingly pay tips and compliments
to the waiters who serve us, yet we might grudge giving thanks to our
mothers for offering us precisely this service.
The
conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the
same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
语法分析：
The conditions of society are such
（主句）that（such的同位语） skills have to be paid for in
the same way （方式状语） that （定语从句，修饰way） goods
are paid for at a shop.
知识点（1）
语法复习：部分倒装
Such are the conditions of society that
skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a
shop.
Such is human nature that a great many
people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of
becoming white-collar workers.
知识点（2）
语法：先行词是way，后面的定语从句的形式，
表达“正如”
… the same way in which …
(which为关系代词，指代way)
… the same way that …
(that为关系副词，在句中不当主语，宾语或表语)
… the same way /（省略） …
造句：学校里的情况就是这样，优等生 (A students)
受到尊敬 (respect)，正如社会上成功者(achievers) 受人景仰 (esteem)
一样。
The conditions of schools are such that A students are respected
in the same way that achievers are esteemed in
the society.
just as 正像…（引导方式状语从句）
alike 一样的…
six of one and half a dozen of the other
半斤八两
A．There are six sections of each class.
B．He has to leave since it's almost one o'clock.
C．There are dozens of classes to choose from.
D．It doesn't matter which class the woman takes.
W: I can't decide whether to take anthropology or geology this
term.
M: It’s six of one and half a dozen of the
other.
Q: What does the man mean?
Answer: (D) It doesn't matter which class the woman
takes.
be equivalent to ... 相当于…
bear a resemblance to ... 根…很类似
Tina bears a striking resemblance
to her mother.
Your school may have done away with
（废除了）winners and losers, but life has not. In some schools they
have abolished failing grades; they'll give you as many times as you
want to get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest
resemblance to anything in real life.
Everyone has something to
sell.
写作总结：
（第二段）
Tramps
seem to be the only exception to this general rule.
课文写法替换：
Tramps seem to be the only exception to
this general rule.
Tramps appear to be the only exception to
this general rule.
It seems that tramps are the only
exception to this general rule.
It appears that tramps are the only
exception to this general rule.
【谚】Every rule has its exception. 每个规则都有例外
with the exception of ... 除了…之外
Beggars
almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of
passers-by.
But real tramps are not
beggars.
They
have nothing to sell and require nothing from others.
In
seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
语法分析：
In seeking independence（时间状语）, they do not sacrifice their
human dignity.
知识点（1）
in doing = in the process of doing 在…的过程中
on / upon doing 刚一 … 就
(a) Observing her
(b) On being observed (强调同时)
(c) Having been observed （强调先后）
(d) On her being observed
On being observed, it immediately ran
away.
Upon arriving at the university, I went
straight to the dormitory.
知识点（2）
seek
vt. 寻求；寻找；探索；搜索
vi. 寻找；探索；搜索
seek refuge / asylum 寻求避难
seek compensation 寻求补偿
seek comfort 寻求安慰
seek reelection 寻求连任
A
tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for
him.
知识点（1）
feel sorry for … 同情、怜悯
表达“同情”短语：
feel sorry for …
have / feel sympathy for …
sympathize with …
take pity on …
He
has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is
fully aware of the consequences.
语法分析：
He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he
leads（定语从句，修饰life） and（并列句） is fully aware
of the consequences.
知识点（1）
写作：课文中lead的不替换场景，表达强调
知识点（2）
be aware of … 意识到、知道
be conscious of …
be unaware of … 没有意识到、不知道
be unconscious of …
be ignorant of …（贬义）
He
may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free
from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people.
语法分析：
He may never be sure（主句） where（修饰sure） the
next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of
anxieties which (定语从句)afflict other people.
知识点（1）
be free from ... 没有…(某个不好的东西)
He has been free from care since he
retired.
The composition is free from errors.
Organic produce is free from harmful
chemicals.
free ... from ... 使…没有…(不想要的东西)
知识点（2）
afflict vt. 折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼
which distress other people.
which torture / rack /
torment other people.
which other people suffer (from).
His
few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to
place with ease.
知识点（1）
make it possible for sb. to do = enable sb.
to do 使某人能做某事
知识点（2）
from place to place 各处，四处
here and there
hither and thither
read sth. from cover to cover从头到尾
sell sth. from door to door 挨家挨户
vary from person to person 因人而异
improve from day to day日益
from dawn to dusk 从早到晚
from head to foot 从头到脚
from top to bottom 从上到下
from start to finish 从头到尾
from cradle to grave 从生到死
By
having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature
than most of us ever do.
语法分析：
By having to sleep in the
open（介词短语做方式状语）, he gets far closer to the world of nature
than most of us ever do（比较状语）.
知识点（1）
in the open (air): outdoors 在露天、户外
知识点（2）
语法：比较状语从句
He is taller than I am.
He is taller than I.
He is taller than me.
He
may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even,
in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his
freedom.
语法分析：
He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself
alive(目的状语); （分号，充当连词功能）he may even, in
times of real need（插入语）, do a little work; but he
will never sacrifice his freedom.
知识点（2）
表达“偶尔，偶然”：
occasionally
once in a while
from time to time
知识点（2）
in times of … 在…的时候
in times of happiness / grief / rage /
crisis / boredom / war / peace
…
In times of peace, when business was bad,
Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning
down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to
them.
We
often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as
beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a
little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from
care?
语法分析：
We often speak of tramps with contempt
and put them in the same class as beggars,）
but（转折） how many of us can honestly say that
we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and
their freedom from care?（宾语从句）
知识点（1）
We often speak of tramps with contempt
= We often speak contemptuously of tramps …
adv. 轻蔑地
知识点（2）
put … in the same class as … 把…归成…一类
classify … as … 把…归成…一类
知识点（3）
语法：rhetorical question
修辞疑问句；不用回答；多用于结尾
O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far
behind? ‘Ode to the West Wind’— P. B. Shelley
Who among us has not dreamed of that?
What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the
grammatical rules into practice?
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than
that of gunners using science to shatter men‘s bodies while, close at
hand, surgeons use it to restore them?